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Mt St Helens Mt Rainier

Written By Sunday, October 30, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Washington

Mount Rainier
Mount Rainier from west.jpg

The western gradient of Mount Rainier in 2005
Highest indicate
Meridian 14,417 ft (iv,394 m) NAVD 88 [one]
Prominence 13,246 ft (4,037 chiliad)[one]
Parent superlative Pico de Orizaba, Mexico[2]
Isolation 731 mi (1,176 km)[one]
Listing
  • World about prominent peaks 21st
  • N America prominent peaks quaternary
  • North America isolated peaks 7th
  • U.S. highest major peaks 17th
  • U.South. state loftier betoken fourth
  • Decade Volcano
Coordinates 46°51′10″N 121°45′37″Due west  /  46.8528857°N 121.7603744°Westward  / 46.8528857; -121.7603744 Coordinates: 46°51′10″Due north 121°45′37″Westward  /  46.8528857°Due north 121.7603744°W  / 46.8528857; -121.7603744 [iii]
Naming
Etymology Peter Rainier
Native name Tahoma, Tacoma, Tacobet, təqʷubəʔ[a] (Salishan languages)
Geography

Mount Rainier is located in Washington (state)

Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier

Mountain Rainier National Park, Pierce County, Washington, U.Southward.
Parent range Cascade Range
Topo map USGS Mountain Rainier West
Geology
Age of rock 500,000 years
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc Pour Volcanic Arc
Last eruption 1450 CE[4]
Climbing
First ascent 1870 by Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump
Easiest road rock/ice climb via Thwarting Cleaver

Mount Rainier (), also known as Tahoma, Tacoma, Tacobet, or tÉ™qÊ·ubəʔ,[a] [5] [6] is a big active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, located in Mount Rainier National Park about 59 miles (95 km) southward-southeast of Seattle.[vii] With a tiptop pinnacle of 14,411 ft (4,392 m),[eight] [9] it is the highest mountain in the U.S. land of Washington and the Cascade Range, the most topographically prominent mountain in the face-to-face The states,[10] and the tallest in the Pour Volcanic Arc.

Due to its high probability of eruption in the near hereafter, Mountain Rainier is considered one of the near unsafe volcanoes in the world, and it is on the Decade Volcano list.[eleven] The large amount of glacial ice means that Mount Rainier could produce massive lahars that could threaten the unabridged Puyallup River valley. According to the United States Geological Survey, "virtually fourscore,000 people and their homes are at risk in Mount Rainier's lahar-hazard zones."[12]

Betwixt 1950 and 2018, 439,460 people climbed Mountain Rainier.[xiii] [14]

Approximately 84 people died in mountaineering accidents on Mount Rainier from 1947 to 2018.[13]

Proper noun [edit]

Mount Rainier was first known by the local Salishan speakers every bit Talol, Tacoma, or Tahoma. One hypothesis of the word origin is təqʷubəʔ 'mother of waters' in the Lushootseed language spoken by the Puyallup people.[15] [five] The linguist William Bright gives the origin equally təqʷúbə 'snow-covered mountain'.[sixteen] Another hypothesis is that Tacoma ways "larger than Mount Baker" in Lushootseed: Ta 'larger', plus Koma (Kulshan), (Mountain Baker).[17] Other names originally used include Tahoma, Tacobeh, and Pooskaus.[18]

The current proper name was given by George Vancouver, who named it in honor of his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier.[19] The map of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806 refers to it every bit "Mt. Regniere". Although Rainier had been considered the official name of the mount, Theodore Winthrop, in his posthumously published 1862 travel book The Canoe and the Saddle, referred to the mountain every bit Tacoma and for a time, both names were used interchangeably, although Mt. Tacoma was preferred in the nearby city of Tacoma.[20] [21]

In 1890, the United states Board on Geographic Names declared that the mountain would be known as Rainier.[22] Following this in 1897, the Pacific Forest Reserve became the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve, and the national park was established three years after. Despite this, there was yet a motility to change the mount's name to Tacoma and Congress was nonetheless considering a resolution to change the name as tardily as 1924.[23] [24] Later on the 2015 restoration of the original name Denali from Mount McKinley in Alaska, contend over Mount Rainier's name intensified.[25]

Geographical setting [edit]

Mountain Rainier, as viewed from Kerry Park in Seattle

Mount Rainier from an shipping

Mount Rainier is the tallest mountain in Washington and the Cascade Range. This peak is located just east of Eatonville and just southeast of Tacoma and Seattle.[26] Mountain Rainier is ranked third of the 128 ultra-prominent mount peaks of the United States. Mountain Rainier has a topographic prominence of xiii,210 ft (4,026 m), which is greater than that of K2, the world's 2nd-tallest mountain, at 13,189 ft (4,020 m).[27] On clear days it dominates the southeastern horizon in nigh of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area to such an extent that locals sometimes refer to it simply as "the Mount".[28] On days of exceptional clarity, it tin also be seen from equally far away equally Corvallis, Oregon (at Marys Summit), and Victoria, British Columbia.[29]

With 26 major glaciers[thirty] and 36 sq mi (93 km2) of permanent snowfields and glaciers,[31] Mount Rainier is the virtually heavily glaciated acme in the lower 48 states. The top is topped by two volcanic craters, each more than than 1,000 ft (300 m) in diameter, with the larger east crater overlapping the west crater. Geothermal heat from the volcano keeps areas of both crater rims gratis of snow and ice, and has formed the globe's largest volcanic glacier cave network within the water ice-filled craters,[32] with nearly 2 mi (3.2 km) of passages.[33] A small crater lake almost 130 past thirty ft (39.vi by nine.one grand) in size and sixteen ft (5 grand) deep, the highest in North America with a surface elevation of fourteen,203 ft (4,329 thousand), occupies the lowest portion of the due west crater beneath more than than 100 ft (30 1000) of ice and is attainable only via the caves.[34] [35]

The Carbon, Puyallup, Mowich, Nisqually, and Cowlitz Rivers brainstorm at eponymous glaciers of Mountain Rainier. The sources of the White River are Winthrop, Emmons, and Fryingpan Glaciers. The White, Carbon, and Mowich join the Puyallup River, which discharges into Commencement Bay at Tacoma; the Nisqually empties into Puget Sound east of Lacey; and the Cowlitz joins the Columbia River betwixt Kelso and Longview.

A panorama of the southward face of Mountain Rainier

Subsidiary peaks [edit]

The broad top of Mount Rainier contains three named summits. The highest is called the Columbia Crest. The second highest summit is Signal Success, xiv,158 ft (4,315 chiliad), at the southern border of the summit plateau, atop the ridge known every bit Success Cleaver. Information technology has a topographic prominence of nigh 138 ft (42 m), so it is not considered a separate peak. The lowest of the three summits is Liberty Cap, 14,112 ft (4,301 thou), at the northwestern edge, which overlooks Liberty Ridge, the Sunset Amphitheater, and the dramatic Willis Wall.[36] Liberty Cap has a prominence of 492 ft (150 1000), then would qualify as a separate peak under most strictly prominence-based rules. A prominence cutoff of 400 ft (122 grand) is commonly used in Washington state.[37]

High on the eastern flank of Mount Rainier is a tiptop known equally Lilliputian Tahoma Pinnacle, xi,138 ft (three,395 m), an eroded remnant of the earlier, much higher, Mountain Rainier. Information technology has a prominence of 858 ft (262 m), and information technology is virtually never climbed in direct conjunction with Columbia Crest, so it is unremarkably considered a separate peak. If considered separately from Mount Rainier, Little Tahoma Peak would exist the third highest mount peak in Washington.[38] [39]

Geology [edit]

Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano in the Pour Volcanic Arc that consists of lava flows, droppings flows, and pyroclastic ejecta and flows. Its early volcanic deposits are estimated at more than 840,000 years old and are part of the Lily Germination (about 2.9 one thousand thousand to 840,000 years ago). The early deposits formed a "proto-Rainier" or an bequeathed cone prior to the present-24-hour interval cone.[40] The nowadays cone is more than 500,000 years old.[41]

The volcano is highly eroded, with glaciers on its slopes, and appears to be made mostly of andesite. Rainier probable once stood fifty-fifty higher than today at nigh sixteen,000 ft (4,900 m) before a major debris avalanche and the resulting Osceola Mudflow approximately five,000 years agone.[42] In the past, Rainier has had large droppings avalanches, and has also produced enormous lahars (volcanic mudflows), due to the large amount of glacial water ice present. Its lahars take reached all the mode to Puget Sound, a altitude of more than 30 mi (48 km). Effectually 5,000 years agone, a large clamper of the volcano slid away and that debris barrage helped to produce the massive Osceola Mudflow, which went all the way to the site of present-day Tacoma and due south Seattle.[43] This massive avalanche of rock and ice removed the top one,600 ft (500 thousand) of Rainier, bringing its height downward to effectually 14,100 ft (4,300 m). About 530 to 550 years agone, the Electron Mudflow occurred, although this was not every bit large-scale equally the Osceola Mudflow.[44]

After the major collapse approximately 5,000 years agone, subsequent eruptions of lava and tephra built upwardly the modern summit cone until about as recently every bit 1,000 years ago. As many as xi Holocene tephra layers have been institute.[xl]

Soils on Mount Rainier are more often than not gravelly ashy sandy loams developed from colluvium or glacial till mixed with volcanic tephra. Under forest cover their profiles usually accept the banded appearance of a classic podzol only the E horizon is darker than usual. Under meadows a thick dark A horizon usually forms the topsoil.[45]

Modern activity and threat [edit]

The most contempo recorded volcanic eruption was between 1820 and 1854, only many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882, and 1894 as well.[46]

Seismic monitors have been placed in Mount Rainier National Park and on the mount itself to monitor activity.[47] An eruption could be deadly for all living in areas within the immediate vicinity of the volcano and an eruption would besides cause trouble from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to San Francisco, California[48] because of the massive amounts of ash diggings out of the volcano into the temper.

Mountain Rainier is located in an expanse that itself is function of the eastern rim of the Pacific Ring of Burn down. This includes mountains and calderas like Mountain Shasta and Lassen Elevation in California, Crater Lake, Iii Sisters, and Mountain Hood in Oregon, Mountain St. Helens, Mount Adams, Glacier Pinnacle, and Mount Baker in Washington, and Mountain Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Silverthrone Caldera, and Mount Meager in British Columbia. All of the above are dormant, but could return to activity, and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in gild to predict how mountains in this arc volition conduct and what they are capable of in the future, including Mountain Rainier.[49] [fifty] Of these, only two accept erupted since the beginning of the twentieth century: Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 and 2004. However, past eruptions in this volcanic arc take multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher: Crater Lake's concluding eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to collapse,[51] and Mount Rainier'southward closest neighbor, Mount St. Helens, produced the largest eruption in the continental United States when information technology erupted in 1980. Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in the Cascade Range at 2–3 per century.[52]

Mount Rainier is listed every bit a Decade Volcano, or 1 of the 16 volcanoes with the greatest likelihood of causing loss of life and belongings if eruptive action resumes.[53] If Mount Rainier were to erupt as powerfully as Mount St. Helens did in its May eighteen, 1980 eruption, the effect would be cumulatively greater, considering of the far more than massive amounts of glacial ice locked on the volcano compared to Mountain St. Helens,[44] the vastly more than heavily populated areas surrounding Rainier, and the fact that Mount Rainier is almost twice the size of St. Helens.[54] Lahars from Rainier pose the most risk to life and property,[55] every bit many communities lie atop older lahar deposits. According to the Us Geological Survey (USGS), almost 150,000 people live on top of old lahar deposits of Rainier.[12] Not only is at that place much ice atop the volcano, the volcano is also slowly being weakened by hydrothermal action. According to Geoff Clayton, a geologist with a Washington State Geology firm, RH2 Technology, a echo of the 5000-year-old Osceola Mudflow would destroy Enumclaw, Orting, Kent, Auburn, Puyallup, Sumner and all of Renton.[43] Such a mudflow might also reach downwardly the Duwamish estuary and destroy parts of downtown Seattle, and crusade tsunami in Puget Sound and Lake Washington.[56] Rainier is also capable of producing pyroclastic flows and expelling lava.[56]

According to Chiliad. Scott, a scientist with the USGS:

A home built in any of the probabilistically defined flood areas on the new maps is more likely to be damaged or destroyed past a lahar than by burn down... For example, a dwelling congenital in an area that would be inundated every 100 years, on the average, is 27 times more than likely to be damaged or destroyed by a flow than by burn. People know the danger of fire, so they buy fire insurance and they take smoke alarms, but most people are not enlightened of the risks of lahars, and few take applicable flood insurance.[57]

The volcanic risk is somewhat mitigated past lahar alarm sirens and escape route signs in Pierce County.[58] The more than populous King Canton is also in the lahar area, but has no zoning restrictions due to volcanic hazard.[59] More recently (since 2001) funding from the federal authorities for lahar protection in the area has stale up, leading local authorities in at-risk cities like Orting to fear a disaster similar to the Armero tragedy.[60] [61]

Seismic background [edit]

Typically, up to five earthquakes are recorded monthly near the summit. Swarms of 5 to ten shallow earthquakes over two or 3 days take place from time to fourth dimension, predominantly in the region of thirteen,000 anxiety (four km) below the peak. These earthquakes are thought to be caused by the circulation of hot fluids beneath Mount Rainier. Presumably, hot springs and steam vents within Mount Rainier National Park are generated past such fluids.[62] Seismic swarms (not initiated with a mainshock) are common features at volcanoes, and are rarely associated with eruptive activeness. Rainier has had several such swarms; there were days-long swarms in 2002, 2004, and 2007, two of which (2002 and 2004) included 1000 3.two earthquakes. A 2009 swarm produced the largest number of events of whatsoever swarm at Rainier since seismic monitoring began over two decades earlier.[63] Further swarms were observed in 2011 and 2021.[64] [65]

Glaciers [edit]

Three-dimensional representation of Mount Rainier

Glaciers are amid the almost conspicuous and dynamic geologic features on Mountain Rainier. They erode the volcanic cone and are important sources of streamflow for several rivers, including some that provide water for hydroelectric ability and irrigation. Together with perennial snow patches, the 29 named glacial features embrace about xxx.41 foursquare miles (78.8 km2) of the mount's surface in 2015 and have an estimated volume of near 0.69 cubic miles (2.9 km3).[66] [67] [thirty] [31]

Glaciers flow under the influence of gravity past the combined activity of sliding over the rock on which they lie and by deformation, the gradual displacement between and within individual ice crystals. Maximum speeds occur near the surface and along the centerline of the glacier. During May 1970, Nisqually Glacier was measured moving as fast as 29 inches (74 cm) per day. Flow rates are generally greater in summer than in winter, probably due to the presence of large quantities of meltwater at the glacier base.[31]

The size of glaciers on Mount Rainier has fluctuated significantly in the by. For case, during the last ice age, from nearly 25,000 to nigh fifteen,000 years ago, glaciers covered most of the area at present within the boundaries of Mount Rainier National Park and extended to the perimeter of the present Puget Sound Basin.[31]

Betwixt the 14th century and 1850, many of the glaciers on Mountain Rainier avant-garde to their farthest extent downvalley since the final water ice age. Many advances of this sort occurred worldwide during this time period known to geologists as the Little Ice Age. During the Picayune Ice Age, the Nisqually Glacier advanced to a position 650 to 800 ft (200 to 240 grand) downvalley from the site of the Glacier Bridge, Tahoma and South Tahoma Glaciers merged at the base of operations of Glacier Island, and the terminus of Emmons Glacier reached within ane.two mi (i.ix km) of the White River Campground.[31]

Retreat of the Lilliputian Water ice Age glaciers was slow until almost 1920 when retreat became more than rapid. Betwixt the height of the Little Ice Age and 1950, Mount Rainier'south glaciers lost about 1-quarter of their length. Beginning in 1950 and continuing through the early 1980s, however, many of the major glaciers advanced in response to relatively cooler temperatures of the mid-century. The Carbon, Cowlitz, Emmons, and Nisqually Glaciers avant-garde during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a upshot of loftier snowfalls during the 1960s and 1970s. Since the early on-1980s, all the same, many glaciers have been thinning and retreating and some advances have slowed.[31]

The glaciers on Mount Rainier tin can generate mudflows, through glacial outburst floods non associated with any eruption. The S Tahoma Glacier generated 30 floods in the 1980s and early 1990s, and again in August, 2015.[68]

Human history [edit]

Viewed from the northwest (Tacoma), Freedom Cap is the apparent summit with Mowich Face below.[70]

At the fourth dimension of European contact, the river valleys and other areas virtually the mountain were inhabited by Native Americans who hunted and gathered animals and plants in Mountain Rainier's forests and loftier tiptop meadows. Modern descendants of these peoples are represented by members of modern tribes that environment the mount; including the Nisqually Indian Tribe, the Cowlitz Indian Tribe, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, and the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, amidst others in the area.[71] The archaeological tape of human use of the mountain dates to over 8,500 years before present (BP). Sites related to seasonal use of Mountain Rainier and its landscapes are reflected in chipped rock tool remains and settings suggesting functionally varied uses including task-specific sites, rockshelters, travel stops, and long-term base camps. Their distribution on the mountain advise primary use of subalpine meadows and low alpine habitats that provided relatively high resource abundance during the short summertime season.[72]

Captain George Vancouver reached Puget Sound in early May 1792 and became the beginning European to see the mountain.[xix]

In 1833, Dr. William Fraser Tolmie explored the area looking for medicinal plants. Risk Stevens and P. B. Van Trump received a hero's welcome in the streets of Olympia after their successful summit climb in 1870.[73] [74] The starting time female rise was made in 1890 past Fay Fuller, accompanied past Van Trump and 3 other teammates.[75]

Descending from the summit in 1883, James Longmire discovered a mineral jump; this ultimately led to his institution of a spa and hotel, drawing other visitors to the area to seek the benefits of the spring.[76] Later, the headquarters of the national park would be established at Longmire, until flooding caused them to be relocated to Ashford.[77] The area as well became the site of features like a museum, a mail office, and a gas station, with additions like a library and a souvenir shop soon following; many of these buildings were ultimately nominated to the national historic register of historic places.[77] Longmire remains the second near pop place in the park.[77] [78] In 1924, a publication from the park described the expanse:

"A feature at Longmire Springs of great involvement to everyone is the grouping of mineral springs in the little flat to the west of National Park Inn. There are some xl distinct springs, a half-dozen of which are easily reached from the route. An analysis of the waters show that they all contain about the smae [sic] mineral salts but in slightly differing proportions. All the water is highly carbonated and would be classed as extremely "hard". Sure springs comprise larger amounts of soda, iron and sulphur, giving them a distinct taste and color."[79]

John Muir climbed Mountain Rainier in 1888, and although he enjoyed the view, he conceded that it was best appreciated from below. Muir was one of many who advocated protecting the mount. In 1893, the area was fix aside every bit part of the Pacific Forest Reserve in order to protect its physical and economical resource, primarily timber and watersheds.[80]

Citing the need to also protect scenery and provide for public enjoyment, railroads and local businesses urged the creation of a national park in hopes of increased tourism. On March two, 1899, President William McKinley established Mount Rainier National Park as America's fifth national park. Congress dedicated the new park "for the do good and enjoyment of the people"[81] and "... for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their memory in their natural status."[82]

On 24 June 1947, Kenneth Arnold reported seeing a formation of nine unidentified flying objects over Mount Rainier. His description led to the term "flying saucers".[83]

In 1998, the United States Geological Survey began putting together the Mountain Rainier Volcano Lahar Alarm System to aid in the emergency evacuation of the Puyallup River valley in the outcome of a catastrophic debris flow. It is now run past the Pierce Canton Section of Emergency Management. Tacoma, at the oral cavity of the Puyallup, is only 37 mi (60 km) westward of Rainier, and moderately sized towns such equally Puyallup and Orting are simply 27 and 20 mi (43 and 32 km) away, respectively.[84]

Mount Rainier appears on four distinct United states of america stamp stamp problems. In 1934, it was the 3-cent consequence in a series of National Park stamps, and was also shown on a souvenir sheet issued for a philatelic convention. The following year, in 1935, both of these were reprinted past Postmaster General James A. Farley every bit special bug given to officials and friends. Because of complaints past the public, "Farley's Follies" were reproduced in large numbers. The 2d postage issue is easy to tell from the original because it is imperforate. Both stamps and souvenir sheets are widely available.[85]

The Washington country quarter, which was released on April 11, 2007, features Mount Rainier and a salmon.[86] [87]

Climbing [edit]

Mount climbing on Mount Rainier is difficult, involving traversing the largest glaciers in the U.S. due south of Alaska. Most climbers crave two to three days to reach the summit, with a success rate of approximately 50%, with weather and concrete conditioning of the climbers being the most mutual reasons for failure. About viii,000 to 13,000 people attempt the climb each yr,[88] about 90% via routes from Camp Muir on the southeast flank,[89] and most of the rest ascend Emmons Glacier via Campsite Schurman on the northeast. Climbing teams require experience in glacier travel, self-rescue, and wilderness travel. All climbers who programme to climb to a higher place the loftier camps, Camp Muir and Camp Schurman, are required to purchase a Mountain Rainier Climbing Pass and annals for their climb.[90] Additionally, solo climbers must fill out a solo climbing request class and receive written permission from the Superintendent before attempting to climb.[91]

Climbing routes [edit]

Army camp Muir is normally used by those attempting to summit Mount Rainier

All climbing routes on Mount Rainier crave climbers to possess some level of technical climbing skill. This includes ascending and descending the mount with the use of technical climbing equipment such every bit crampons, ice axes, harnesses, and ropes. Difficulty and technical challenge of climbing Mount Rainier tin vary widely between climbing routes. Routes are graded in NCCS Alpine Climbing format.

The normal route to the summit of Mount Rainier is the Disappointment Cleaver Route, YDS class Two-3. As climbers on this route accept access to the permanently established Camp Muir, it sees the significant majority of climbing traffic on the mountain. This route is as well the most common commercially guided road. The term "cleaver" is used in the context of a rock ridge that separates two glaciers. The reason for naming this cleaver a "disappointment" is unrecorded, simply it is idea to be due to climbers reaching information technology but to recognize their inability to reach the summit.[92] An culling route to the Disappointment Cleaver is the Ingraham Glacier Directly Route, grade Ii, and is often used when the Disappointment Cleaver route cannot be climbed due to poor route atmospheric condition.

The Emmons Glacier Route, grade II, is an culling to the Disappointment Cleaver route and poses a lower technical challenge to climbers. The climbers on the route can brand use of Camp Schurman (ix,500 ft), a glacial camp site. Camp Schurman is equipped with a solar toilet and a ranger hut.[93]

The Liberty Ridge Route, grade Iv, is a considerably more challenging and considerately dangerous road than the normal route to the summit. It runs upwardly the eye of the Northward Face up of Mount Rainier and crosses the very active Carbon Glacier. Commencement climbed by Ome Daiber, Arnie Campbell and Jim Burrow in 1935, information technology is listed equally 1 of the L Classic Climbs of Due north America by Steve Roper and Allen Steck. This route merely accounts for approximately ii% of climbers on the mountain, but approximately 25% of its deaths.[94]

Dangers and accidents [edit]

Well-nigh 2 mountaineering deaths each twelvemonth occur because of stone and water ice fall, barrage, falls, and hypothermia. These incidents are oftentimes associated with exposure to very loftier altitude, fatigue, aridity, and/or poor weather.[95] 58 deaths on Mount Rainier have been reported from 1981 to 2010.[ commendation needed ] Approximately 7 percent of mountaineering deaths and half-dozen percentage of mountaineering accidents in the United States are attributed to Mount Rainier.[xiii]

The first known climbing death on Mountain Rainier was Edgar McClure, a professor of chemical science at the Academy of Oregon, on July 27, 1897. During the descent in darkness, McClure stepped over the edge of the stone and slid to his death on a rocky outcrop. The spot is now known as McClure Stone.[96]

Willi Unsoeld, who reached the summit of Mountain Everest in 1963, was killed, along with an Evergreen State Higher educatee, in an barrage on Mountain Rainier in 1979. He had climbed the mount over 200 times.

The worst mountaineering accident on Mountain Rainier occurred in 1981, when x clients and a guide died in an avalanche/ice fall on the Ingraham Glacier.[97] This was the largest number of fatalities on Mountain Rainier in a unmarried incident since 32 people were killed in a 1946 plane crash on the South Tahoma Glacier.[98]

In one of the worst disasters on the mountain in over thirty years, six climbers—two guides, and iv clients—were killed on May 31, 2014, after the climbers fell 3,300 feet (1,000 m) while attempting or returning from the tiptop via the Liberty Ridge climbing road. Low-flight search helicopters pinged the signals from the avalanche beacons worn by the climbers, and officials concluded that there was no possible chance of survival. Searchers found tents and apparel along with rock and ice strewn across a droppings field on the Carbon Glacier at 9,500 ft (two,900 yard), possible evidence for a slide or avalanche in the vicinity where the team went missing, though the verbal cause of the accident is unknown.[99] The bodies of three of the client climbers were spotted on August 7, 2014, during a training flight and subsequently recovered on Baronial xix, 2014. The bodies of the fourth client climber and two guides have not been located.[100] [101]

Outdoor recreation [edit]

In improver to climbing, hiking, backcountry skiing, photography, and camping are popular activities in the park. Hiking trails, including the Wonderland Trail—a 93-mile (150 km) circumnavigation of the peak, provide access to the backcountry. Popular for winter sports include snowshoeing and cross-land skiing.[102]

Climate [edit]

The summit of Mount Rainier has an water ice cap climate (Köppen climate classification: EF)

Climate data for Mountain Rainier Summit. 1991-2020
Month Jan February Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct November December Year
Average loftier °F (°C) 9.2
(−12.7) 		eight.4
(−thirteen.i) 		9.1
(−12.7) 		12.nine
(−10.6) 		21.7
(−5.7) 		28.3
(−two.1) 		38.2
(3.four) 		38.v
(three.vi) 		34.0
(1.1) 		24.iv
(−iv.2) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		8.ii
(−xiii.2) 		xx.v
(−6.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 3.1
(−xvi.1) 		0.9
(−17.three) 		0.vii
(−17.4) 		3.four
(−fifteen.nine) 		eleven.2
(−11.6) 		17.1
(−viii.iii) 		25.seven
(−3.5) 		26.two
(−3.2) 		22.4
(−five.3) 		14.7
(−9.vi) 		6.ane
(−14.4) 		2.iv
(−16.4) 		xi.2
(−xi.6)
Average low °F (°C) −iii.0
(−19.4) 		−vi.5
(−21.4) 		−vii.viii
(−22.ane) 		−half-dozen.1
(−21.ii) 		0.7
(−17.4) 		half-dozen.0
(−14.4) 		thirteen.2
(−x.iv) 		xiii.ix
(−10.one) 		10.viii
(−11.8) 		5.one
(−14.ix) 		−0.4
(−18.0) 		−3.4
(−19.7) 		one.9
(−16.vii)
Average atmospheric precipitation inches (mm) 14.09
(358) 		11.49
(292) 		11.38
(289) 		half-dozen.73
(171) 		iii.62
(92) 		three.08
(78) 		1.xiii
(29) 		1.30
(33) 		3.01
(76) 		seven.61
(193) 		12.89
(327) 		13.lx
(345) 		89.93
(two,284)
Average dew betoken °F (°C) −iv.eight
(−twenty.4) 		−8.7
(−22.6) 		−9.0
(−22.8) 		−7.6
(−22.0) 		−2.0
(−18.9) 		3.4
(−xv.nine) 		8.1
(−13.iii) 		7.9
(−13.4) 		v.iii
(−xiv.eight) 		1.8
(−xvi.8) 		−4.0
(−20.0) 		−6.0
(−21.ane) 		−1.three
(−xviii.5)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[103]
Climate information for Army camp Muir, Washington (x,110 ft) (2014-2021)
Month January Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep October Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 47.9
(8.8) 		48.5
(9.two) 		48.0
(viii.9) 		sixty.1
(15.6) 		53.9
(12.2) 		66.5
(19.2) 		64.vii
(xviii.2) 		63.i
(17.3) 		64.iii
(17.9) 		57.0
(xiii.nine) 		51.3
(10.7) 		47.seven
(8.7) 		66.5
(nineteen.two)
Boilerplate loftier °F (°C) 22.6
(−5.2) 		21.4
(−5.ix) 		22.6
(−5.2) 		28.2
(−2.one) 		36.1
(two.three) 		41.1
(5.one) 		47.5
(eight.half-dozen) 		49.7
(ix.eight) 		41.three
(5.2) 		34.7
(ane.5) 		26.six
(−3.0) 		22.one
(−five.5) 		32.eight
(0.four)
Daily mean °F (°C) 17.iii
(−8.2) 		14.8
(−9.6) 		xvi.5
(−8.half-dozen) 		21.9
(−5.6) 		30.2
(−i.0) 		35.half dozen
(2.0) 		42.6
(five.9) 		44.6
(7.0) 		36.2
(ii.three) 		29.1
(−1.6) 		20.9
(−six.2) 		16.2
(−8.8) 		27.two
(−2.seven)
Average depression °F (°C) 12.1
(−xi.1) 		8.two
(−13.2) 		x.5
(−xi.nine) 		15.6
(−9.ane) 		24.3
(−iv.3) 		xxx.ane
(−1.i) 		37.8
(3.2) 		39.5
(four.ii) 		31.2
(−0.4) 		23.v
(−4.7) 		15.3
(−nine.3) 		ten.iii
(−12.i) 		21.5
(−5.8)
Record depression °F (°C) −11.two
(−24.0) 		−xi.6
(−24.2) 		−4.three
(−20.2) 		−3.4
(−19.7) 		4.8
(−xv.ane) 		4.0
(−fifteen.half-dozen) 		xix.iii
(−7.1) 		23.8
(−4.half-dozen) 		7.4
(−thirteen.7) 		0.5
(−17.5) 		−ii.9
(−19.four) 		−5.three
(−20.vii) 		−11.6
(−24.ii)
Average relative humidity (%) 74.8 72.four 69.7 61.ix 61.iii 54.6 44.ii 42.6 56.3 63.3 70.vi 72.ii 62.0
Source: NWAC[104]

Ecology [edit]

Reflection Lake is a popular identify to view Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier's protected status every bit a national park protects its primeval Cascade ecosystem, providing a stable habitat for many species in the region, including owned flora and fauna that are unique to the area, such equally the Cascade red fox and Mountain Rainier lousewort.[105] [106] [107] The ecosystem on the mountain is very diverse, attributable to the climate found at unlike elevations.[108] Scientists track the distinct species found in the woods zone, the subalpine zone, and the alpine zone.[109] They accept discovered more than i thousand species of plants and fungi.[109] The mount is too home to 65 species of mammals, 5 reptile, 182 bird, 14 amphibians, and fourteen of native fish, in addition to an innumerable corporeality of invertebrates.[108]

Flora [edit]

Subalpine wildflower meadow in Paradise region of Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier has regularly been described as one of the best places in the earth to view wildflowers.[110] [111] In the subalpine region of the mountain, the snow often stays on the ground until summertime begins, limiting plants to a much shorter growing flavour. This produces dramatic blooms in areas like Paradise.[109] [112] In 1924, the flowers were described past naturalist Floyd West. Schmoe:

"Mountain Rainier National Park is perhaps better known the world over for these wonderful flowers than for whatsoever one characteristic. The mountains, the glaciers, the cascading streams and the forests may be equalled if one looks far away enough, just no park has been so favored in the way of wild flowers."[113]

Forests on the mount span from equally young as 100 years old to sections of one-time growth forest that are calculated to be 1000 years or more in historic period.[109] The lower superlative consists mainly of western crimson-cedar, Douglas fir, and western hemlock.[109] Pacific silver fir, western white pine, Alaska xanthous cedar, and noble fir are constitute further upwards the mountain. In the alpine level, Alaskan yellow cedar, subalpine fir, and mountain hemlock grow.[109]

Fauna [edit]

A Cascade scarlet fox active during Paradise'southward long winter

The mount supports a wide variety of creature life, including several species that are protected on the country or federal level, similar the Northern Spotted Owl.[108] Efforts are also existence made to reintroduce native species that had locally been hunted to extinction, like the Pacific fisher.[108] In that location are sixty-v types of mammals living on the mountain, including cougars, mountain goats, marmots, and elk. Common reptiles and amphibians include garter snakes, frogs, and salamanders. There are many types of birds found throughout the different elevations on the mountain, but while some live at that place all year, many are migratory. Salmon and trout species utilise the rivers formed past the glaciers, and though the lakes stopped beingness stocked in 1972, thirty lakes nonetheless have reproducing populations.[114]

See likewise [edit]

  • Mount Rainier National Park
  • Mount Rainier Wilderness
  • Mount Rainier Forest Reserve
  • Bibliography of Mount Rainier National Park

References [edit]

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Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Pronounced teh-KWOH-beh

External links [edit]

  • Mount Rainier National Park (also used as a reference)
  • "Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System". Volcano Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2008-01-nineteen. Retrieved 2008-10-thirty .
  • Mt. Rainier Eruption Task Forcefulness (pdf)
  • Mount Rainier stream drainage
  • Mount Rainier Trail Descriptions
  • "Mountain Rainier". SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011-05-07 .
  • Mount Rainier National Park at Curlie
  • Doughton, Sandi (2014-09-26), "Under Rainier's crater, a natural laboratory like no other", The Seattle Times : contains images and videos of the summit caves

University of Washington libraries and digital collections [edit]

  • Lawrence Denny Lindsley Photographs, Mural and nature photography of Lawrence Denny Lindsley, including photographs of scenes around Mount Rainier.
  • The Mountaineers Drove, Photographic albums and text documenting the Mountaineers official annual outings undertaken by club members from 1907–1951, includes iii Mt. Rainier albums (ca. 1912, 1919, 1924).
  • Henry Thousand. Sarvant Photographs, photographs by Henry Bricklayer Sarvant depicting his climbing expeditions to Mt. Rainier and scenes of the vicinity from 1892–1912.
  • Alvin H. Waite Photographs Photographs of Mt. Rainier by Alvin H. Waite, during the belatedly 19th and early 20th centuries.

Mt St Helens Mt Rainier,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier

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